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PRACTICES SURR.D+ XS USE4 ,? *APT] >GUES T "! IS ALR AN EM]G+ NORM 3C]N+ M1N+;L HUMAN 3TROL OV] ! T>GET+ ( W1PONS & ! USE ( VIOL5T =CE1 &1 Z S*1 "! IS A BASIS = PUTT+ 9 PLACE NEW LAWS T PREEMPT AUTONOM\S W1PONS4 ,2F MAK+ ? >GU;T1 H["E1 ,I WANT TO EXAM9E ! NATURE ( EM]G5T ,,IHL & ! POT5TIAL MORAL BASIS = XS >TICULA;N4 ,! LAW XF MIGELY /ABLE & UN*ANG+1 ?\<1 9 FACT1 X IS DYNAMIC 9 V>I\S WAYS4 ,:ILE 9T]PRETA;NS & JURISPRUD;E MAY EVOLVE OV] "T1 ! FUNDA;TALS ( ! LAW XF APPE> R M /ABLE4 ,( C\RSE1 )9 NA;NS NEW LEGISLA;N IS REGUL>LY ADOPT$1 B ? IS L>GELY A MATT] ( /ATE POLICY & N AN EXACT CORRELATE TO ! 9TRODUC;N ( NEW #D .1,JUS .1NASCENDI B#CFH CU/OM>Y & TR1TY LAW 9 ! 9T]NA;NAL 3TEXT4 ,B EV5 9 9T]NA;NAL LAW1 "! IS NEW & EM]G5T CU/OM>Y & TR1TY LAW1 & ! DYNAMICS ( ! PRACTICE & APPLICA;N ( LAW L1DS TO EM]G5T JURISPRUD;E & TRANS=MA;NS 9 NORMS4 ,9 ,,IHL1 NEW TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOP;TS >E A KEY FACTOR 9 ^! 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MO/ EXTREME CASES1 ? MAY M1N REVIS+ EXI/+ LAW OR WRIT+ LAW ANEW4 ,? IS MO/ OBVI\S 9 ! LAWS DESIGN$ TO REGULATE NEW 9DU/RIES T MIS & SURVEILL.E DR"OS4 ,A"P F ^! NEW 3SUM] 9DU/RIES1 ! >EA 9 : ! "Q ( NEW LAW & NEW REGULA;N IS MO/ PRESS+1 & ! ROBOTIC APPLICA;N DOMA9 ": VA/ AM.TS ( RESE>* ( DEVELOP;T IS CURR5TLY 2+ DIRECT$1 IS 9 ! #F .1,JUS .1NASCENDI A#CFI DEVELOP;T ( ROBOTIC W1PONS4 ,:ILE ^! TE*NOLOGIES CD F9D USE AM;G CIVILIAN POLICE =CES & 9DIVIDUALS1 ! PRIM>Y AIM ( CURR5T RESE>* & DEVELOP;T BY /ATES IS T[>D SOPHI/ICAT$ MILIT>Y W1PONS ) 9CR1S+ DEGREES ( AUTOMA;N & 9=MA;N PROCESS+4 ,9SOF> Z ,,IHL GOV]NS ! USE ( W1PONS 9 ! 3DUCT ( HO/ILITIES DUR+ 9T]NA;NAL >M$ 3FLICTS1 ,I W 3SID] H[ ! EM]G;E ( ROBOTIC W1PONS =CES U TO 3SID] ! EM]G;E ( NEW NORMS & NEW LAW 9 T DOMA94 ,! NORMS SURR.D+ ! USE ( ROBOTIC & AUTONOM\S W1PONS 9 LAW 5=CE;T1 P]SONAL SECUR;Y1 OR 9 CRIM9AL ACTIV;Y >E AL ( 3C]N1 B 2Y ! SCOPE ( ? /UDY4 ,X I HOP$ T A BETT] "U/&+ ( ! 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E/ABLI%;T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,NA;NS /& Z CLE> EXAMPLES ": ! 2HAVIORS ( /ATES _H FAIL$ TO E/ABLI% A3EPTABLE NORMS " ,,II">1 & NEW #AA .1,JUS .1NASCENDI A#CGA PRESCRIPTIVE 9T]NA;NAL LAW & REGULAT+ BODIES 7 DEEM$ NEC4 ,:ILE CU/OMS & NORMS MAY 2 LAT5T 9 ! AC;NS ( /ATES1 !Y >E (T5 N DESCRIB$ OR =MULAT$ 9 A S]I\S WAY UNTIL !Y 2COME A MATT] ( LEGAL & POLITICAL 3C]N4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! D]IVA;N ( "ULY+ PR9CIPLES1 9CLUD+ ! WRIT+ ( 3V5;NS1 IS USUALLY MOTIVAT$ BY "S MATT] ( DIPLOMATIC OR LEGAL 3C]N4 ,AM;G ! PROXIMATE MOTIVA;NS TO CR1TE NEW LAW WE MII\S CAUSES1 9CLUD+1 B N LIMIT$ TO3 ! EM]G;E ( NEW 2HAVIORS BY /ATES OR NON/ATE ACTORS1 ! RECOGNI;N OR EXPLOITA;N ( AMBIGUITIES OR 9CONSI/5CIES 9 ! EXI/+ LAW1 OR ! EM]G;E ( NEW TE*NOLOGIES T TRANS=M ! CAPABILITIES1 2HAVIORS OR E6ECTS ( AC;NS TAK5 BY /ATES S DRAMATICALLY T !Y "UM9E BASIC ASSUMP;NS ( CU/OM>Y OR TR1TY LAW4 ,9 EA* CASE1 ! EXI/+ LAW C 2 SE5 Z FALL+ %ORT 9 XS PURPOSE TO PROTECT ! 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